Understanding Infertility Causes in Men and Women

• Rohit saini
• 28 November 2025

Understanding Infertility Causes in Men and Women

Millions of couples worldwide struggle with infertility. Infertility affects both men and women equally, despite the common belief that women are mostly to blame. In roughly one-third of cases, the problem is with the woman; in another third, it is with the male; and in the remaining cases, it may be unexplained or a combination of both. Knowing the reasons of infertility enables couples to select the best course of treatment and seek prompt medical assistance.

The main causes of infertility in both men and women are made simpler in this guide.

Primary Causes of Female Infertility

Healthy ovaries, regular ovulation, open fallopian tubes, and a responsive uterus are all necessary for a woman to be fertile. Infertility may result from issues in any of these categories.

1. Problems with Ovulation

One of the most frequent causes of infertility among women is ovulation issues. The regular release of eggs can be impeded by conditions such as PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), thyroid issues, stress, and hormonal imbalance.

Typical signs:

Periods that are irregular

Either very heavy periods or none at all

Weight increase or acne (particularly with PCOS)

2. Blockage of the Fallopian Tube

Sperm cannot reach the egg and the fertilized egg cannot reach the uterus if the fallopian tubes are damaged or clogged.

Typical reasons consist of:

Previous pelvic infections

Endometriosis

Tubal procedures

Hydrosalpinx (tube filled with fluid)

3. Endometriosis

When tissue resembling the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, this disease develops. It can make conception challenging by causing discomfort, low-quality eggs, and scarring around reproductive organs.

4. Cervical or Uterine Problems

Sperm motility can be blocked or implantation can be prevented by issues with the uterus or cervix.

Among them are:

Fibroids

Polyps

thin lining of the uterus

Issues with cervical mucus

2. Inadequate Motility of Sperm

Sperm cannot reach the egg if they are unable to swim correctly. Asthenozoospermia is a condition that can be brought on by infections, exposure to extreme temperatures, or lifestyle choices.

3. Sperm Morphology Abnormalities

Unusual-shaped sperm may have trouble penetrating or fertilizing the egg. Genetics or bad living choices could be the cause of this.

4. Varicocele

Swollen veins in the scrotum that lower the amount and quality of sperm are called varicoceles. It is among the most curable forms of infertility in men.

5. Genetic and Hormonal Issues

Sperm development and fertility may be impacted by genetic defects or problems with testosterone levels.

Common Reasons for Infertility

Both partners may be impacted by:

Anxiety

Use of drugs, alcohol, or tobacco

Being overweight

Diabetes

Thyroid conditions

Unhealthy diet

Toxins found in the environment

In almost 20%

Concluding Remarks

Infertility is a medical disease that can impact one or both partners; it is not a blame game. Couples can increase their odds of conception by taking the appropriate action early on when they are aware of the factors. The majority of infertility problems can be effectively treated with contemporary therapies including IUI, IVF, and ICSI.